Thursday, November 28, 2019

Unions Essay Example For Students

Unions Essay The union movement of the late 19th century by Eli Hatch During 1870 through 1900 workers joined together; responding to the power of their employers caused by the growth of industrialization. The worker did not always have the luxury of leaving after eight hours of work, the right to representation, or the even the right to work in a safe environment. The working people of nineteenth century America had to unite in struggle to achieve the gains that are often taken selfishly and taken for granted today. There were many successes and failures in organized labor; the successes were often obtained through the loss of the worker, often through lost wages, jobs, or even death. The organization structure of the union during 1870 through 1900 went through different cycles and strategies to achieve what they wanted. We will write a custom essay on Unions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now One of the first effective regional organized unions was the Knights of Labor formed in 1869. The knights took in not only skilled workers but also any worker that could be truly classified as a producer. The knights took their peek in 1885 when strikes against Union Pacific, Southwest System, and Wabash railroads attracted public sympathy and succeeded in preventing a reduction in wages, at this time they boasted a membership of 700,000. 1886 was a troubled year for labor relations. There were nearly 1,600 strikes involving 600,000 workers, with the eight-hour day being the important item for all of the strikes. Failure of some of the strikes and internal conflicts between the skilled workers and the unskilled led to a decline in the Knights popularity and influence. Another organization called the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions created a constitution that other unions could adhere to. This constitution met in Pittsburgh on Nov. 15 1881 and was created by representatives of the cigar makers, the printers, the merchant seamen, steel workers, carpenters and local units of the Knights of Labor. One of the most important items in the constitution created by the FOTLU recommended that the legal eight-hour work day be an objective for every union to achieve. The FOTLU thus accelerated a strong national push for a shorter work week. The AFL grew from 140,000 in 1886 to nearly on million by 1900. With these strengths in numbers they often preferred striking over political action. The struggle for workers rights, wage increases and protests against wage cuts were often unsuccessful resulting in violence and death. Chicago workers were agitating for the eight-hour work day for months. On May 1st and 2nd 1886 were eighty thousand workers went on strike, bringing most of Chicagos manufacturing to a standstill. On May 3rd a fight between hundreds of strikers and non-union replacements broke out. Chicago police quickly moved in to restore order, leaving four unionists dead and many wounded. Angered by the deadly force of the police a group of anarchists called on workers to arm themselves and participate in the massive protest demonstration in Haymarket Square on May 4. Only 3,000 members assembled and started out peacefully until late evening when someone still not known to this day threw a bomb that killed seven policemen and injured 67 others. Even though no evidence was ever found about who threw the bomb four anarchists were found guilty and sentenced to death. Ever since the Haymarket square symbolized for radicals and trade unionists everywhere the injustice of a capitalistic society but also associated negatively unions as un-American, criminalistic, and violent. Many other activists died or received injuries for their cause all around the country. In July of 1877 strike riots halted the movement of U. .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d , .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d .postImageUrl , .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d , .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d:hover , .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d:visited , .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d:active { border:0!important; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d:active , .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Arts In Culture EssayS. railroads. After a few weeks of shutting down most of countries railroad system federal troops were sent in to try to end the nationwide strike. This resulted in more violence and death; in Chicago for example federal troops killed 30 workers and wounded over 100. On June 14, 1877 in Pennsylvania ten coal-mining activists were hanged. October 1887 the Louisiana militia shot 35 unarmed black sugar workers striking to gain a dollar-per-day wage and lynched two strike leaders. 1894 federal troops killed 34 American Railway Union members in Chicago attempting to break a strike. July 1892 three hundred Pinkerton guards helped

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Edvard Munch, The Scream Essays

Edvard Munch, The Scream Essays Edvard Munch, The Scream Essay Edvard Munch, The Scream Essay not only animals and plants, but also societies, were called Social Darwinists. These people believe that Just as species, so some human societies-races, classes, nations-were destined to survive, while others were condemned to fade away (Textbook pg 797). The main Social Darwinist of the 19th century was Herbert Spencer. He came up with the expression survival of the fittest (Textbook pg 797). Spencer believed that society coddled the poor people too much. He believed that the poor were weak and deserved to die in order for the society to evolve. He felt that welfare and other such programs only delayed social evolution (Textbook pg 797). As Spencer became more popular, people started to develop a dislike for poor people. Social Darwinists also believed that white people were superior to people of color which helped support slavery (Textbook pg 797). II. A. Darwins Finches Charles Darwin (1809-1882) took a scientific expedition in the 1930s to the Galapagos Islands. On these islands Darwin studied finches that were different from the finches on the main land and also different from each other (Textbook 796). Darwin used these finches to illustrate his theory of natural selection. This continuous process occured because as some species are better adapted to an environment than others they are more likely to survive and, therefore, they are more likely to pass on their positive traits to their young (Textbook 796). Specifically, the main difference in these finches was their beaks. The beaks have changed over time to better suit their functions (Internet Source 2). For example, if a finch was in an environment where it had to crack nuts to get food, the finches that had harder beaks would survive and pass on their traits to their young. There are 13 types of these finches on the Galapagos islands and each has a different beak used for insects, seeds, buds, fruit, etc. (Internet Source 2). Darwins discovery of these finches and the natural selection process paved the way for Social Darwinism and for scientists to study evolution even more thoroughly. II. B. Giuseppe Garibaldi Giuseppe Garibaldi was a fiery Italian who was interested in bringing all Italians together. He was born in 1807 and died in 1882. Though the two were fighting the same war, Cavour and Garibaldi were rivals (Textbook pg 748). Despite Napoleons orders to stop fighting, Garibaldi rounded up roughly 1000 troops and set sail for Sicily in May 1860 (LN-2-21-03). The poorly armed red shirts were not expected to do well, but because of their passionate fighting spirits they waged war on the Bourbons. In August they had completely rolled over the Bourbons. Garibaldi became extremely popular and became 57,000 men strong (Textbook pg 748). Garibaldi and his men took the entire kingdom of Naples. Napoleon believed that Garibaldi had gone too far and ordered him to stop. Garibaldi knew that he was quite capable of taking Rome, but sent the word obedisco, which meant I obey, to Napoleon. Garbaldi was tired and decided to stop fighting (LN 2-21-03). III. A. The Schlieffen Plan The Germans believe that if they could concentrate on defeating France before Russia could step in then they would have a greater chance of winning the war. In 1905, the Schlieffen Plan was drafted. The plan consisted of devoting one-eighth of the German forces against Russia while the rest of their forces quickly defeated France in only six weeks (Textbook pg 848). The plan then called for the Germans to deal with Russia with France out of the way. The Schlieffen Plan was a race against time. The Germans knew that the Russians would take at least eight weeks to mobilize an effective army. They believed that if they could defeat France in the short time of six weeks then they would have enough time to reorganize and face Russia (Textbook pg 848). The plan was a gamble because the Germans would have to defeat France very quickly. As the Germans moved through Belgium into France the plan worked as it was supposed to. It was at the Marne River, however, that things changed (LN 3-17-03). The French launched an effective counterattack which stopped the Germans in their tracks. The Schlieffen Plan was unsuccessful and the war would now last longer than either side expected it to (LN 3-17-03). III. B. Article 231 of the Versailles Treaty The 231 article of the final Treaty of Versailles was a devestating one for Germany. This article stated that Germany and its allies were morally responsible for the war. Germany was also forced to pay the victors of the war back the money that they had spent on the war, a sum that was not officially established until 1921 (Textbook pg 871). This outrageuos price was what prolonged a compromise of peace on both sides and caused hyperinflation when finally agreed to. The German military was forced to drastically reduce. The army could only consist of 100,000 men and the navy had to reduced greatly aswell. Also, Germans were prohibited from manufacturing military machinery, poison gas, and other military products (Textbook pg 871). France benefited greatly from the victory over Germany. The provinces Alsace and Lorraine were taken back and the Rhineland was de-militarized so that no German military could be maintained there (LN-3-21-03). This was extremely important to France because in the event of and hostility between the two nations, France could easily take this land which is an important economical area to Germany (Textbook pg 871). Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles was considered a very harsh one by the German people. This Treaty would become very important in the future when it is violated by Adolf Hitler. IV. Hyperinflation of Germany in 1923 After losing the war, Germany was forced to pay a large amount of money to the victors of the war to cover their wartime costs. This caused major inflation of Germany. When Germany reacted to French occupation of the Ruhr it went into one of the worst hyperinflations the world has ever seen (Textbook pg 895). The German currency was pathetic. People had to carry huge amounts of bills to buy the most simple and inexpensive things. The Weimar democracy in Germany was blamed for agreeing to the Treaty of Versailles. Therefore, Weimar was blamed for the hyperinflation and done away with (Textbook pg 900). The people of Germany needed a powerful person with a strong will and that would promise to rebuild Germany. Their need for a savior blinded the German people and Adolf Hitler used this to his advantage. He took advantage of the German people by telling them what they wanted to hear. Therefore, through an indirect series of events, the hyperinflation of 1923 brought Hitler into power and all the tragedy and horror that came with him.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 21

Research - Essay Example In effect, the care that the nurses offer should be based on current knowledge and research that support the delivery of the highest standards of care. It is through research that the nurses develop a strong knowledge base to deliver quality care, The basis of nursing research is scientific facts. The scientific method is a valuable method that supports the gathering of credible information in the research process (Nieswiadomy, 2012). Hence, it is significant to gather evidence in order to conduct and present evidence-based research. The nurses ought to obtain the facts or data in a way devoid of bias in order to minimize the flaws in the research process. In essence, gathering data enables the researchers to evaluate the significance of the information to the issue under investigation. The basis of evidence-based research is the researcher’s ability to review critically and interpret the results in order to contribute knowledge (Stevens, 2013). Such contributions are impossible if one does not gather evidence in the